- Nabopolassar (626-605 BCE): Nabopolassar a Chaldean king who helped overthrow the Assyrians and contributed to their destruction in the Near East. Nabopolassar also united the many different groups such as the Chaldeans and Babylonians in the region to create the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
- Nebuchadnezzar II (634-562 BCE): Nebuchadnezzar II is considered the greatest ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He ruled the Neo-Babylonian Empire from the death of his father Nabopolassar in 605 BCE to his own death in 562 BCE. Under Nebuchadnezzar II, the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered vast amounts of the Fertile Crescent and he also oversaw the restoration of Babylon beyond its' former glory. Nebuchadnezzar is considered the greatest of the Neo-Babylonian kings as during his region many great buildings were constructed and advancements in science and technology were made. He is also known as the king who conquered Jerusalem and exiled the Jewish people back to Babylon.
- Nabonidus: Nabonidus was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. His reign was characterised by poor leadership which led him to be disliked by his people. He lost his kingdom to Cyrus the Great after being conquered in 539 BCE.
- Cyrus the Great (590-529 BCE): Cyrus the Great was a Persian ruler who conquered vast areas surrounding territory including the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Although he conquered Babylon he was seen as a popular ruler due to his policies regarding religion and allowing the Babylonians to keep their way of life. The conquest of Cyrus ended Babylons status as an independent city and the city would never again regain its independence.